Bronze Age Sites of Anatolia
Site co-ordinates are provided in decimal latitude and longitude values. Click on a data source under the Satellite View column to see the site from above, or click the button in the Coordinates column to paste a location’s co-ordinates to your device’s clipboard. Sites with accompanying websites are now being added to the Web column.
The co-ordinates of sites listed with a ? are uncertain: either the reference is inexact or tentative, or the location’s attribution is unsafe. Please feel free to suggest updates and provide corrections.
A number of sites are mentioned in Hittite tablets but their specific locations have yet to be confirmed. Many have been identified with Classical sites, but these connections are not certain, even when the location of the Classical settlement is known. In some cases, the link with the Classical site is tenuous: based on philological and/or geographical similarities rather archaeological or textual evidence. Where modern locations are given, these may be where sites have been confirmed or simply where they are believed to be, often by way of the siting of their Classical counterparts.
Sites whose names are known but whose locations are unknown (even lacking a Classical equivalent) are listed separately.
Anatolian Sites
| Site | Satellite View | Coordinates | Web |
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| Ankuwa (mod. Alisar Höyük)? Hittite joint capital, inhabited from LN to LBA. | 
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| Apasa (class. Ephesus) Capital of Arzawa. One Mycenaean grave found containing LH IIIA1 pottery. |
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| Aphrodisias Classical Carian site settled since at least the Chalcolithic. |
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| Arapkahve Surface finds from Late FN, EBA. |
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| Arinna (mod. Alaça Höyük)? Hittite city. |
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| Asar Tepe (Urganlı Höyük) Surface finds include a few EBA sherds, but more MBA and LBA. |
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| Assuwa (class. Assos)? Capital of the Land of Assuwa? The classical site was founded c.1000 |
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| Astarpa River (mod. Emir/Küçük Menderes) River passing through Arzawa/Mira, and site of Mursili II’s encampment while facing Apasa (AhT 1A, 1B) | |||
| Atriya (class. Stratoniceia)? Lukkan city fortified by Mursili II (‘Annals’) and later raided by Hattsili III (‘Tawagalawa Letter’). |
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| Attarimma (class. Telmessos; mod. Fethiye)? Lukkan city seized by Madduwatta (AhT 3) and latter burned by Piyamarada (AhT 4). |
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| Aura (class. Amorium/Aiorion)? City visited by many Hittite kings on their way to the West. Identified by Garstang (1959). |
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| Awarna (class. Xanthos)? Lukkan city captured by Tudhaliya IV (Yalbürt inscription). |
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| Bahçe Tepe Surface finds from EBA I-III, MBA, LBA are typically Anatolian. |
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| Bakla Tepe Settlement dating to the FN with EBA I and II remains, LBA chamber tombs and much imported painted Mycenaean ware. The tell is now an island in a hydroelectric lake. |
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| Beşik Tepe Burial mound with notable LH IIIB goods. |
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| Beytiköy Surface finds from EBA I-III, MBA, LBA are typically Anatolian. |
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| Büyükkale Fortified Classical citadel with surviving LBA Cyclopean traces. |
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| Çatal Höyük Chalcolithic city extending back to the Neolithic. |
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| Çine Tepecik Höyük Continuously inhabited from the LN until LBA. LH IIIB/C pottery found, plus two seal impressions marked “[Tark]asnaya ve Pisurailix” or “[Tark]asnapiya ve Surailix”, possibly a reference to Tarkasnawa of Mira. |
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| Deş Tepe Surface finds from Late FN, EBA I-III, MBA, LBA. |
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| Didyma LH IIIA2 Mycenaean finds suggest earlier site beneath the Classical city. |
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| Dura (class. Tyrrha, mod. Tire) Arzawan town hidden beneath the modern settlement. |
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| Erythrae Classical site showing traces of earlier Mycenaean pottery. |
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| Fıraktın Relief Three sections show posthumous Hattusili III making an offering to the storm god, the sun goddess and Hattusili’s wife Puduhepa, and a Luwian hieroglyphic inscription describing Puduhepa as “daughter of the land of Kizzuwatna”. |
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| Gavurtepe Höyük LBA citadel surrounded by cyclopean walls. LH IIIA2 Mycenaean pottery found. |
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| Göz Tepe MBA-LBA citadel. |
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| Hanay Tepe Early, Middle, Late BA site. |
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| Hanyeri Relief Relief of the bull god Sarruma and a warrior identified by an inscription as “Ku(wa)lanamuwa... son of a king”. A second inscription refers to “Tarhunta-piyama” — possibly the prince Tarhunta-piya who is named in the Hemite relief. |
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| Hapanuwa (class. Hypaepa, mod. Günlüce)? Largely vanished classical town on the primary route between Sardis and Ephesus. |
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| Hattusa Capital of Hatti. |
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| Hemite Relief Warrior relief identified by inscription as “Tarhunta, prince, Son of Tarhunta-piya, prince”. A Tarhunta-piya is named in a Treaty of Hattusili III and Ulmi-Teshub of Tarhuntassa (HDT 18B §15). |
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| Hinduwa (class. Kandyba) Lukkan town and site of an ambush by the rebel Madduwatta against Hittite troops (AhT 3) |
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| Hursanassa/Huwarsana/Hursana (class. Helicarnassos) City claimed by rebel Maduwatta (AhT 3) now under mod. Bodrum. |
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| Huwalusiya (class. Colossae)? Town on the possible border between Arzawa and Mira. |
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| Iasos Minoan (MM II-LM II) then Mycenean (LH IIIA) ‘colony’ port |
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| Ikkuwaniya (class. Ikonion, mod. Konya) City on the Northern border between Tarhuntassa and Pitassa. |
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| İmamkullu Relief A warrior reflief identified by the inscription as prince Kuwalanamuwa, possibly also named in the Hanyeri and Manisa reliefs. |
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| Indus River (mod. Dalaman Çayı) Site of campaign by Tudhaliya IV recorded on the Yalbürt inscription. | |||
| Iyalanda (class. Alinda) City of the Lukka lands. |
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| Kadıkalesi Anaia Coastal city revealing MBA and LBA Anatolian Gray and Gold Wash Ware as seen at Troia VI-VII. Mycenaean pottery finds are largely local imitations. |
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| Kanesh (mod. Kültepe) Assyrian merchant colony. |
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| Karabel Site of now removed monumental inscription to Tarkasnawa, King of Mira. |
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| Kaymakçı Tepe Hilltop town settled continuously from 1700BC to 1200BC, contemporary with Troy VI and VIIa. Con |
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| Kilise Tepe Founded in the EBA, becaue a Hittite administrative centre (Level IIIa-e), then levelled adn rebuilt on a new layout (Level II). Administrative centre for the new semi-independent Tarhuntassa. Destroyed c.1170 (Level IId) |
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| Kömür Adası Surface finds include MM IB/II and LH III material indicating Minoan then Mycenaean ‘colonisation’. |
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| Kücüktepe Surface finds from Late FN, EBA I-III, MBA, LBA. Abundant AnatolianGold Wash and Gray Ware. |
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| Küllüoba EBA settlement above Chalcolithic remains. |
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| Kum Tepe Neolithic site inhabited into EBA I Early and possibly as late as MBA. |
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| Kuwalatarna (class. Kaunos) Lukka town within the Indus (mod. Dalaman Çayı) valley. |
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| Liman Tepe EBA port. |
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| Madunassa (class. Sardis, mod. Sart)? Lydian capital in the Iron Age: also the Bronze Age capital of Seha River Land? |
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| Malatça Höyük (Biz. Meiros) Putative Miran capital following discovery of Byzantine name Meiros. |
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| Manisa Relief Unknown deity with two Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions, one untranslated, the other said to identify “Prince Kuwalanamuwa”. |
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| Midduwa/Malidiya/Melid (mod. Arslan Tepe) Administrative centre with the kingdom of Isuwa stretching back to the Chalcolithic. |
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| Milas Pilav Tepe Surface finds show LN inhabitation onwards, with a partial 2m thick surrounding wall, terrace walls, and a chamber tomb containing LH IIIA-C pottery. |
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| Millawanda (class. Miletus) Minoan then Mycenaean ‘colony’ port. |
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| Mira (mod. Beycesultan)? Fortified city at the head of the Maeander River, founded in the Chalcolithic and comprising 40 levels, 14 in the EBA. Named on a seal found at the site (Woudhuizen 2018). |
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| Mutamutassa (class. Mylasa, mod. Milas)? City of the Lukka lands hidden under modern city. |
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| Panaztepe Hilltop city overlooking the Gediz River valley. Classical and later remains cover EBA, MBA and LBA. settlement. Cemetery yielded LH IIIA1-2 pottery, Aegean Type D sword. |
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| Parha (class. Perge) City on the Western border of Tarhuntassa, on the R. Kastaraya (class. Kestros). |
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| Pariyana (class. Priene) Coastal classical city that superseded an older settlement. |
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| Patar (class. Patara) City of the Lukka lands. |
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| Pina/Pinali (class. Pinara) City of the Lukka lands conquered by Tudhaliya IV (Yalbürt inscription). |
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| Plarasa? Lukkan town later entirely eclipsed by nearby Aphrodisias. Only known from classical times, nonetheless its ‘asa’ suffix indicates Luwian heritage. A Plarasan coin of the second century BC now in the Yale Art Gallery shows a labrys on the reverse, again suggesting pre-Hellenic heritage. |
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| Puranda (mod. Bademgediği)? Dated to C16, Level III (destroyed by Mursilii?). New foundation (Level II) in C12. Surrounded by a Cyclopean wall 3.6m thick. Rich in LH II-III Anatolian Gold Wash, Red and Gray Ware. Much LH IIIC Early-Late Mycenaean material found. |
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| Purushanda (mod. Acem Höyük)? Pre-Hittite city from the MBA. Layers V and IV are pre-Assyrian Merchant Colony (*karum*) era; layer III is of that period during which it was destroyed by fire (c.1750 in the era of Anitta) and abandoned until the Hellenistic period. |
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| Sahiriya River (class. Sangarios, mod. Sakarya Nehri) | |||
| Sallapa/Salpa (class. Laodikea)? City at which Mursili II mustered his army before proceeding to Arzawa (AHT 1A, 1B). Hittite Sallapa is believed to lie behind the classical name of a nearby peak ‘Salbacus Mons’ in the peaks to the west of mod. Denizli. But surely a settlement on level ground is a more appropriate mustering place for a chariot-based army than mountain country? |
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| Sam’al (mod. Zincirli Höyük) EBA site abandoned during the Hittite and Mitanni periods but later reoccupied. |
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| Sapinuwa (mod. Ortaköy) Hittite administrative and religious centre, and one-time capital. |
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| Sarissa (mod. Kuşakli)? |
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| Siyanta River (mod. Eşen Çay/Koca Çayı) Defining feature of the Siyanta River Land, granted by Tudhaliya I/II to Madduwatta. | |||
| Smyrna [pre-Alexandrian] (mod. Bayraklı, Izmir) EBA II-MBA city below early classical site. |
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| Tabikka (mod. Maşat Höyük) Hittite city. |
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| Talawa (class. Tlos) Lycian hilltop citadel above City of the Lukka lands. |
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| Tarsa (mod. Tarsus) City in Kizzuwatna. LBA Tarsa destroyed by fire, but soon reoccupied. Shows Aegean immigration C12. |
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| Taşçı Reliefs Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions read “Manaaza/i... daughter of Lubakkis, the son of the military scribe”, and “Bodyguard Zida, servant of Hattusili, the Great King, the hero”. |
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| Tavşan Adası Intensively used site from the Late FN once on a peninsula but now on an island. Many MM IB/II finds suggest Minoan colonisation. Workshops suggest a thriving commercial centre. |
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| Troy/Ilios/Hisarlık |
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| Tuwanuwa (class. Tuana, mod. Tuana) Lower Land city. |
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| Utima (class. Idyma. mod. Gökova)? Lukkan city aided by Tarkasnawa of Mira (AhT 5). Identified by Garstang (1929). |
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| Wallarimma (class. Hyllarima)? Unexcavated classical site associated with the Lukkan town conqured by Tudhaliya I/II, later captured by Madduwatta (AhT 3). Identified by Garstang (1929). |
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| Walliwanda (class. Alabanda) City of the Lukka lands. |
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| Wiyanawanda (class. Oenoanda) City of the Lukka lands on Mira-Kuwaliya frontier as set by Mursili II (HDT 11). |
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| Yalbürt Hittite water monument with inscription commemorating Tudhaliya IV’s campaign in Lukka. |
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| Yumuk Tepe (mod. Mersin) |
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| Zippalanda (mod. Çadır Höyük)? Hittite administrative and religious centre. |
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| Zippasla, Mount (class. Sipylos)? The rebel Madduwatta was granted rulership of the Land of Zippasla by Arnuwanda I (AhT 3). While Zippasla itself is nearby mountain — Siyplos in classical times — the nearby classical site Magnesia ad Sipylum (mod. Manisa) is a likely location for the Land of Zippasla’s chief town. |
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| Zumarri (class. Limyra) Lukkan town at one point conquered by the rebel Maduwatta (AhT 3) |
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